Chloral hydrate is a sedative-hypnotic medication used to calm the central nervous system (CNS). First synthesized in 1832, it was among the earliest sedatives widely used in medicine, preceding modern drugs like benzodiazepines. It is primarily prescribed for short-term management of insomnia, preoperative sedation, and pediatric sedation during medical procedures.
Chloral hydrate, with the molecular formula C₂H₃Cl₃O₂, belongs to a class of drugs that act as CNS depressants. Once ingested, it is metabolized in the liver to its active form, trichloroethanol, which induces drowsiness and relaxation by enhancing the effect of the neurotransmitter GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid).
| Feature | Details |
|---|---|
| Class | Sedative-hypnotic |
| Mechanism of Action | CNS depressant via GABA enhancement |
| Primary Use | Induce sleep or sedation |
| Onset of Action | 30 minutes (oral administration) |
| Duration of Action | 4-8 hours |
Although its usage has declined due to safety concerns, chloral hydrate is still occasionally used for insomnia relief, as a short-term treatment for sleep disorders, and preoperative sedation, to ease anxiety and promote calmness before medical procedures. It is especially helpful in pediatric settings, where its liquid formulations and predictable effects make it suitable for children requiring sedation for diagnostic tests like MRIs or CT scans.
Chloral hydrate is an effective option in specific cases, but its potential for side effects and dependence makes careful medical supervision essential. It remains a part of the sedative-hypnotic family, offering targeted sedation when modern alternatives may not be appropriate.